General principles of Teaching| Psychological principles of Teaching| Objectives of Teaching
Principles of Teaching;
According to Huges and Huges, "It has been said that 'teaching' means 'causing to learn'. nothing has been given until it has been taken; nothing has been taught until it has been learnt. Teaching is more than the efficient delivery of thoroughly prepared lectures,"
General principle of teaching;
1. Principle of motivation;
Motivation is the method which creates pupils interest in the content. principle of motivation means to create interest in the pupils for acquiring knowledge. when a teacher motivates the pupils to acquire knowledge, the process of teaching and learning goes on smoothly. in the absence of proper motivation, the pupil takes no interest in memorising the contents. hence, every teacher should follow the principle of motivation. he should use the pupils innate tendencies. for example, the pupil is very much curious to know about the new things regarding environment. hence, the teacher should create situations in which curiosity is aroused in the pupils regarding the acquisition of the latest knowledge concerning the things and their contents.
2. Principle of Activity or learning by doing;
It means the teacher should create two types activity in each type of lesson:
-Physical and
-Mental.
The physical activity means to produce activity in the body organs of the pupils, while the mental activity means to activate the sense organs of the pupils, psychologically, each pupil is temperamentally active. activity is in accordance with his nature.
According to Mc Dougall, every child has inborn instinct of construction. as a result of this instinct, he remains busy all the time in doing some or the other activity. the more the activity of the pupil, more would be the teaching-learning process. the teacher should make use of the pupils instinct of construction and sense to the maximum. the maximum use of the pupil's basic instinct will make teaching effective to the maximum. both, the physical activity and mental activity depends upon each other. the pupil becomes active just after taking the birth and as he grows. his area of mental activities become broader. as the pupil's mind and body work together, he shows more interest in learning something new.
Froebel has indoctrinated this principle of learning-by-doing in his kindergarten system. the principle of ''learning by doing'' does not mean that the pupil himself should be active for learning by doing, it also means that the teacher should make the pupil active for learning new things.
As the principle of activity is very useful. it should be used in each class and in all the school activities, such as school council, declamations contest, various societies, meetings, conferences, clubs and games etc. it will develop appreciable habits in the pupils and they will get proper and sufficient training of social service.
ALSO READ: mass media and multi media in education, importance of mass media in education
3. Principle of Interest;
\It means to create interest of the pupils in the subject-matter in order to make the teaching useful and effective. when the interest of the pupil is created he acquires knowledge very conveniently. he faces no difficulty while studying.
There are various methods to create interest in the pupil for example-
- Curiosity of the pupil should be aroused and the objective of the lesson ahould be made clear.
- A relationship of contents may be established with the pupils activities and objectives.
- The principles of learning by doing should be followed.
- The teaching should be linked with the active life of the pupil.
4. Principle of Linking with Life:
From psychological point of view, the pupils of each level has their own worlds. as the pupil grows, he begins to imagine his world in his own way. he shows his interest in those subject or activities which are linked to his personal world. hence, the activity and the subject should be linked with the learner's life. the principle of linking with life means relating the subject-matter with the life of the pupils.
5.Principle of Definite Aim;
It means that every lesson must have some definite aim or objective. in the absence of an objective, the teacher is like a boatman who has no knowledge of his aim and the pupil is an oarless boat sailing in the seawaves blindly. from this point of view ,there must be some definite, clear and completely defined objectives in order to make the lesson interesting and impressive.
6. Principle of Recognising individual differences:
It means that the individual differences of the pupils should be taken into consideration. psychological researches have proved that the pupils are not alike in intelligence, nature, ability, interest, potentialities and needs. each pupil is not at the same level. in order to develop all the pupils and for equal opportunities, the teacher should impart proper guidance to the talented pupils. sympathy should be shown to the abnormal pupils, and the mentally retarded and backward pupils. thus, the teacher should maximise the development of all the pupils on the basis of individual differences.
7. Principle of selection;
8. Principle of planning.
9. Principle of Division.
10. Principle of Revision.
11. Principle of creation and recreation.
12. principle of Democratic Dealing;
Psychological principle of Teaching.
The Psychological principles of teaching are used for making the learning-process effective. These psychological principles are the following:
1. principles of motivation and interest : It has been considered most important in the teaching-learning process. according to it both the teacher and the learner are to work with interest and motivation.
2. Principle of Recreation: Sometimes, the pupil feels fatigue in the class due to a lengthy teaching task. it creates boredom in the pupil and he shows disinterest. hence, the principle of recreation should be followed in the lower classes.
3. Principle of repetition and exercise: Everybody has come to know that the process of forgetting starts in the pupils due to the disuse of the acquired knowledge. hence, repetition and exercise should be done in the class daily. the utility of this principle increases with the small children.
4. Principle of encouraging creativity and self- expression: It is the duty of the teacher to encourage creativity and self-expression. he should develop the habit of innovations in the pupils so that they may present their views and attitudes.
5. principle of Remedial teaching; sometimes there are errors in the pupils and the teaching activities. the teacher should identify these errors and provide remedy. this is known as remedial teaching. in this, the teacher has to overcome many obstructions.
6. principle of sympathy and cooperation; if a teacher exhibits sufficient sympathy for pupils and contributes in overcoming their difficulties he can be a good guide of the pupils. such teachers act as motivators for the pupils.
7. principle of reinforcement; the term ''reinforcement'' used in teaching-learning process is concerned with making the learning process effective. reinforcement means the utilisation or presentation or removal of such stimuli so that the possibilities of recurrence of any response increase.
8. principle of Imparting training to senses; proper development of the sense is very essential to encourage effective learning. all types of potentialities or capacities such as observation, identification, generalisation and experiments etc. are required for all the aspects of learning. these capacities or potentialities can be attained only through the sense organs.
Objectives of Teaching:
Teaching is a continuous process and it is purposeful process. it lacks entity in the absence of objectives. hence, objectives are essential for a successful teaching process.
some main objectives of teaching are as follows;
- To help the pupils so that they can understand the realities properly and may adjust in a better way.
- Enabling the pupils to establish the contact with truth and to take the decisions by teaching.
- To make a pupil the best worker and the best thinker.
- To help gain new experiences so that pupil may perform some constructive task.
ALSO READ: Definition and meaning nature and scope of educational statistics
0 comments:
Post a Comment
Please do not spam the inbox